Essay on President Jackson on the Twenty Dollar Bill

Jackson on the Twenty Dollar Bill Taylor Alton, 7th 11/13/11 I do not believe that President Jackson should be on the twenty dollar bill. He was not a man of good; all he cared about was pleasing himself and making other people believe he was doing good; manipulating them. Andrew Jackson was only concerned with keeping the union together. If he could get people to see that he could keep the states one nation then he would gain fame. I find†¦show more content†¦Jackson escalated this so-called Bank War in 1833 when he removed federal government funds that were on deposit with the BUS and distributed them to loyal state banks. That’s not right of him to do that, in my opinion it doesn’t matter if he’s president or not. It posed as a threat to him and he feared for his own power. Jackson did not even like paper money anyways. He preferred to use coins instead, so putting him on money he wouldn’t even approve of us using is idiotic. Andrew Jackson was a man of action not of philosophy people say. He once was a slave owner before his presidency years. He took up the matter of slavery in only a political aspect. America was supposed to be a land of the free, and yet we have slaves. On July 5, 1852 people gathered in New York to here a speech about Independence Day by an African American former slave Fredrick Douglas. He blamed Andrew Jackson for the spread of slavery in America. He saw him as a hypocritical politician and a hypocritical American. Jackson transformed millions of acres of land that Indians lived on (Indian removal act) in the south into cotton plantations. This probably would have happened without Jackson but he was the heart of this whole idea in making plantations for slaves to work on. Now if he was the man he says he is why would he want more land for African Americans to work on? Maybe Jackson has done some things that have had a positive effect on our nation today but for me I can’tShow MoreRelated Jackson Should Be Removed From the Twenty Dollar Bill Essa y944 Words   |  4 PagesJackson Should Be Removed From the Twenty Dollar Bill Awarded the prestigious honor to remain forever engraved on the twenty dollar bill, Andrew Jackson became a figure in American history never forgotten. Future generations of younger students will not need to know Andrew for them to assume he was a great man. Unfortunately, the ignorance of idolizing Jackson because he appears on American currency serves to blanket the realities of his administration. Jackson should be removed from the twentyRead MoreAndrew Jackson, The Man On The Twenty Dollar Bill908 Words   |  4 PagesAndrew Jackson, the man on the twenty dollar-bill, is a highly respected commander and an individual who should not be reckoned with. In Hickey’s Glorious Victory, he is regarded as the â€Å"People’s President† and is arguably one of the best leaders to have ruled this nation (Hickey, 48). Despite his success as president, he is tangled in many contradictions. For example, he is known to be racist to the Natives, but adopting a native orphan; he is also known as a slaveholder, but he also welcomed freeRead MorePresident Andrew Jackson Should Stay On The 20 Dollar Bill1527 Words   |  7 Pageswe now possess have been immortalized in our currency. President Andrew Jackson, is one of the few American leaders that was chosen to live on forever; however, many now argue whether or not Jackson truly deserves the honor to be represented in the 20 dollar bill--- arguing that there are other better qualified people to take his place; an example being Harriet Tubman. I believe that President Andrew Jackson should stay on the 20 dollar bill. 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He was a war hero that exemplified the strength and tenacity by which America has defined itself over the generations. He acted in all ways with concern for the growth of the American nation, both at home and overseas. Even hisRead MoreAnalyzing Andrew Jacksons Policies and Presidency659 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Andrew Jacksons Policies and Presidency Andrew Jackson was the seventh president, serving from 1829-1837. Nicknamed Old Hickory, he left an indelible imprint on the nation that extends beyond his face adorning the twenty dollar bill. Jackson split the preexisting Republican Party into the Whig and Democratic Parties, establishing the dual-party structure that exists today. He was the first president who came from a rural, deep Southern background (he was born in the rustic woods of South Carolina)Read MoreThe New Face Of The 20 Dollar Bill857 Words   |  4 PagesHarriet Tubman the new face of the 20 Dollar Bill Harriet Tubman’s face should be the one on the 20 dollar bill. Not only would this change women’s history, but it would change African Americans history too. There has never been a female on our currency let alone a black one. Harriet Tubman devoted her life towards the demolition of slavery, she has been someone people look up to because she has inspired many from her struggle of equality and civil rights, and she is one of the most notable figuresRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1523 Words   |  7 PagesAndrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767 to Scots-Irish colonists Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson in the mountains between North and South Carolina. Jackson was born into poverty and as a result received very little education growing up. When The British invaded the Carolinas around 1780, Jackson’s mother and two brothers were killed during the conflict and British soldiers took the young Andrew Jackson prisoner, leaving him with a lifelong host ility toward Great Britain. In 1781, JacksonRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1365 Words   |  6 PagesConceived in time of poverty, Andrew Jackson had turned into a rich Tennessee lawyer. When the time came and the war broke out between Britain and the United States, his administration in that conflict earned Jackson national fame as a military legend. He would then go on to turn into America s most influential and polarizing political figure between the 1820s and 1830s. After barely losing to John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential race, Jackson returned four years after the fact to win reclamationRead MoreAmerican Actions During The First Seminole War842 Words   |  4 Pagesthe form of annexation, colonialism, or an avowed protectorate.† By this definition, the U.S. is an empire. Evidence of this imperial nature exists as far back as 1816 and the First Seminole War. During that time, the Spanish owned Florida, but President Monroe believed that â€Å"the peninsu la was a natural appendage to the United States, and†¦hankered to possess it.† After Spain was unable to fulfill Andrew Jackson’s demand that a British-built fort occupied by blacks within the Florida territory be

War On Drugs And Its Effects On Society Essay - 1730 Words

Stirling McKelvie Dr. Ellerbe SOC2090-001; Social Problems 21 November 2016 Final Paper War on Drugs Introduction The War on Drugs was established in the early 70’s to end drug abuse, which had increasingly become a problem during that era. Considering drugs will continue to be manufactured and consumed, this war has no end. And because there is no boundaries, there is room for discrimination and people being targeted. A disproportionate amount of minorities, particularly African Americans, are incarcerated every year for drug possession. As a result, children of the indicted are negatively impacted, often left with a variety of issues. Drug felons are banned from using government and financial aid. This means that they have no access to grants, food stamps, and housing assistance. The War on Drugs negatively impacts society by inculcating racial profiling, rendering children parentless, and leaving ex-felons with limited resources. Race Racial profiling plays a critical role in the arrest and conviction of a drug offender. According to Robert Weisberg’s introduction in the Stanford Law Policy Review, drug use can be found virtually across all races. However, African Americans are four times more likely to be indicted on drug charges than their white counterparts (Weisberg, 2009). This statistic is unsettling, considering Caucasians make up a bulk of the US population. In Craig Reinarman and Harry Levine’s â€Å"Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice†, racialShow MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On Society1564 Words   |  7 Pages The War on Drugs is a deep-rooted controversial campaign of prohibition and military aid that has been disputed for many years. There are constant debates as to whether there will ever be a viable solution to the problem. However, as we continue to pursue the â€Å"war on drugs,† it has become increasingly evident that â€Å"winningâ⠂¬  the war seems to be an impossible task. Drug prohibition and the undertaking of the war on drugs have stirred much controversy over its moral and logical implications. WhileRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On Society1276 Words   |  6 PagesJust a little over a year and a half after being in office President Reagan declared a â€Å"war on drugs†, creating a zero tolerance policy. The â€Å"war on drugs† claimed that it would reduce drug use if they were made illegal. The common misconception of the idea of this solution if that by restricting the supply of illicit drugs for the demand the price would increase making it harder for users to afford the habit and further discourage users from using. When in reality this shifted individuals into diggingRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On Society889 Words   |  4 PagesThe war on drugs is one that continuously alters society and effects millions of people. Whether it be the constant back and fort h battle of whether or not to legalize marijuana for recreational or medicinal use to stories of girls like Kristina in Crank that find their way to more potent drugs such as meth; drugs policies are always necessary. Stories like this are important to help people understand how drugs fit into our society and just how prevalent they are. In the story of Crank, KristinaRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effect On Society1888 Words   |  8 PagesHumans have the tendency to wage war on anything which they thing has a negative Fulsy 7 effect on their society or which may affect their way of life. Before the 19th century, alcohol was considered a product of religious relevance and individualistic satisfaction, but latter people realized it was being abused and in 1914 the Narcotics Tax Act was introduce. And later the 18 amendment was introduced prohibiting the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol with exception to religious orRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effect On Society1840 Words   |  8 PagesThe, â€Å"War on Drugs† has been an ongoing debate in many circles for much longer than most people know. Starting in the late 1800’s, drug regulations and laws have been imposed upon American society and, although they have changed and been manipulated to fit different policies, by different politicians with different agendas, they are still in effect today. These laws and regulations may be in place for the safety of society or, according to some, are a way for the federal government t o control theRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On Society1907 Words   |  8 PagesThe â€Å"war on drugs† has been an ongoing problem for almost a century. With the amount of effort to decrease the use of drugs, it is still a major problem in today’s society. Drugs have played a crucial role on the effects of incarceration rates in our society. It has also played a major role on the effects on prisoners and their communities. In the first place, in the 1800’s, drugs made their first appearance in the United States. After the American Civil War, Opium became a popular drug in the UnitedRead MoreIs The War On Drugs?1252 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussing is the War on Drugs. I will discuss the War on Drugs in relation to mass incarceration and to what consequences the War on drugs has caused among people and society itself. I have always been interested by the War on Drugs. However, slowly realizing, I only knew so much about the issue. As I further researched I learned what the term, â€Å"War on Drugs† really means. The â€Å"War on Drugs† is about the prohibition of drugs in society. Therefore, I strongly believe that the Drug War is a very controversialRead More America And The War On Drugs Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesColumbia, when they have their own problems with drugs? The Untied States of America has a rather large drug trafficking problem but compared to Columbia it is fa irly small. To help Columbia solve their problem the U.S. senate has decided to send troops over there and take control. This new involvement will have many consequences in and what can you make for instance the cost of a war, the loss and gain of jobs, and physical side effects. Now war is a very serious subject to study for sociologistsRead MoreMethamphetamine And Cocaine Are Two Commonly Negatively Depicted Substances1746 Words   |  7 Pageslooking at the history of each. Important factors are when and how each â€Å"drug† came up in society. Other necessary characteristics one must analyze about each is the positives of each, but also the harmful effects of each. The final, and arguably most important aspect an individual must inspect is how society is affected by either meth or cocaine. Methamphetamine, or more commonly referred to as meth, is a popular recreational drug within the borders of the United States, but where is the origin of theRead MoreThe Vietnam War Has Far Reaching Consequences For The United States1710 Words   |  7 PagesFailure is a hard word, and no matter how you analyze the Vietnam War, that is precisely what it was. The War was a personal failure on a national scale. From its covert commen- cements, through the bloodiest, most tenebrous days and determinately to the acrid end, this ten-year period of American history is a national disgrace. This research paper will deal with some of the more intriguing aspects and effects of this war. Since the Vietnam conflict made absolutely no sense politically, militarily

Healthcare Professionals Leadership in Health Care

Question: Discuss about the Healthcare Professionals for Leadership in Health Care. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to explain the role of a team leader in a team of healthcare professionals. In this context, the report will discuss the skills, values and behavior exhibited by an effective leader and its impact on the team. The report depicts the effect of inefficient leadership on the health care workers, patients, and the entire organization. I have been elected as a team leader for a healthcare organization. I will perform an evaluation of my role with leadership analysis tool to analyze my leadership style and the performance outcome of the team members. Leadership in any organization is essential to accomplish target goals. Leadership refers to the role associated with mentors, role models, coaches and advocates (Piccolo Buengeler, 2013). Leadership relates to a capability of a person to lead a group of members in the direction of a common goal (Borkowski, 2015). A leader fulfills the responsibility of boosting team performance by providing moral support and positive energy and at the same time taking care of negative factors that are responsible for downregulation of positive outcomes (Daft, 2014). There are several leadership styles and related theories existing but in health care sector, these are less profound. To support the health care organization a leader must have unique capabilities. Healthcare industry is a diversified domain that contains different types of departments and specialties. Working in such complex domain requires a leader to have unique skills, attitude and moral values to use resources efficiently and drive the proposed objectives (Huber, 2013). An effective leader always works to uplift and maintain the interest and energy of nurses and other health care staff in the team to deliver best practices to achieve patient satisfaction (Piccolo Buengeler, 2013). According to Rowitz, (2013), in a health care sector, one can implement different types of leadership styles such as collaborative leadership, transactional leadership, distributed leadership, transformational leadership and shared leadership. According to Stoller, (2013) for a health care sector, transformational leadership would be best suitable. As a team leader I would prefer and adopt transformational leadership style. According to Piccolo Buengeler, (2013) transformational leaders are usually dynamic, vigorous, enthusiastic and robust. They lend a helping hand to all the team members and usually merge ideals and principles of followers and leaders to exercise their leadership (Yukl, 2012). Skills of an effective team leader A team leader should have characteristics and competences to invoke a positive response from others who will naturally consider that person as a source of inspiration (Huber, 2013). An effective team leader should be able to boost the confidence of the fellow members to the highest level and retain the team spirit with his discipline and strength of character. It is the duty of the team leader to identify the issues in the team, which prevents other from coping up with the pace, and address them in a best possible way to boost the production of an organization (Nancarrow et al., 2013). A team leader must have a character that enables fellow members and all the subordinates to trust and have faith in him or her, to approach any problem or any other adversity (Stoller, 2013). According to Dr. Duane "trust" consists of three components that are capacity to trust, the perception of competence and intentions (Rowitz, 2013). To build trust, the team leader must say and perform the same sentiment. He or she should always be honest towards the team, and it is due to the integrity that a positive response is always evoked from the team and generates a positive energy in the system. An efficient team leader should always have high spirit and confidence to drive the organization goals by making effective decision (Piccolo Buengeler, 2013). The communication system between the team members and the leader must be strong and clear. A leader must possess both verbal and non-verbal communication skills (Nancarrow et al., 2013). Every health care organization has multiculturalism, due to the staffs and patients coming from different cultural background and ethnicity. Therefore, a leader must be proficient in more than one language. This attribute will help in better collaborating with different types of people working in a team of health care professionals. According to sociologist Max Weber, a transactional team leader always respects his teammates, values their opinions, ideas and concepts, and includes them in decision making giving them the full flexibility of their choices (Nancarrow et al., 2013). A team leader must always maintain fairness in dealing with fellow members and take disciplinary action wherever necessary. He closely monitors that the instruction is clearly followed by the members. The team should be treated as individuals rather than impersonally, and the responsibilities should be assigned not based on hierarchy but virtue (Yukl, 2012). The team leader should be influential to bring out the potential outcomes. Others always admire these leaders for their motivational skills. Such leaders are active, approach fellow member in a friendly manner, and advocate the changes. It results in promoting the passion for work and commitment towards the organization among the staff (Weaver et al., 2014). An effective leader can also delegate really well to enhance the structure of the organization (Stoller, 2013). Such leaders are also a good facilitator who strives hard to encourage and facilitate the team towards the accomplishment of organizational goal (Rowitz, 2013). Such people are independent in thinking and have clarity of mind with a clear vision to maintain pace with the changing environment. They treat every hurdle as an opportunity. Health sector keeps changing with the progress of science and technology, and it is mandatory for an ideal leader to be positive towards such change (Nancarrow et al., 2013). To improve the safety and quality of medical services, the leader must have in depth concept about diseases and its care (Ciulla, 2014). A quality leader is courageous enough and tactful in taking risks and yet be successful. There is always an uncertainty in such health care organization. Evaluating the performance and outcomes on a regular basis is required to identify any concerning issues and address it immediately as the ultimate goal is to deliver quality services to the patients (Fernandez, 2015). It is a well-known fact that a goal without the plan is just a wish (MacPhee et al., 2013). Therefore, a leader must always be ready with plans to face the daily challenges such as shortage of workers, increased patients due to new disease outbreak and others. Therefore, effort should be put on modifying traditional methods of care services without compromising the goal. Implementing this plan effectively will ensure success in a long run (Lavine, 2014). Every organization has the code of ethics, which the team leader must strictly follow. A leader must be aware of the importance of ethical behavior. By exhibiting strong ethical behavior, a leader can influence the action of other professionals in the organization. According to (Harrison et al., 2015) moral development, virtues and motives do influence the choices of leader. The best leader is the one who lives and exhibits values in their style and daily activities (Ciulla, 2014). To retain the staff, their interests and commitment a quality leader always recognizes and appraises the hard work and performance of the members (Koh et al., 2013). "Rewards and acknowledgment" are the age-old tactics that never fail in client retention (Huber, 2013). As a team leader, understanding the theories of leadership and its styles will help in preparing myself as an effective leader. As I belong to healthcare related background, it would be helpful for me in understanding the operations of the organization and accustom quickly. I would regularly monitor the tasks allocated to the staff and ensure they are well carried out, and I will also participate in the ward rounds to supervise the care providers. I will use best of my potential to ensure continued care services without compromising the quality and safety of the health of the patients. To accomplish the goals of the organization, I will stay committed to my work and never lose sight of vision. I will make sure that at no point in time the team lacks motivation by regular rewards and recognition of their potential, ideas, intelligence and hard work. Consequences of poor leadership In this section, the author will discuss the effects of poor leadership skill on an organization and overall health care facilities. Poor leadership only brings catastrophe to the organization darkening all its chances of success and damages its reputation (Koh, 2013). It is evident from the controversies and the ethical dilemma faced by "the Apple Company at Foxconn due to poor managerial practice by its leader (Johnson, 2013). A poor leadership makes the organization unhealthy. Healthcare organization is a complex system dealing with the life and death of an individual. The quality of services determines the health of an individual. Therefore, poor leadership not only harms the sustainability of organization but also the client satisfaction (Munir et al., 2012). There are several incidences of medical errors and unprofessional behavior of nurses, which has led to the death of patients and chaos (Schyns Schilling, 2013). It may be due to lack of proper guidelines or training, misleading by the leader. A leader without vision cannot direct the team towards its goal. He or she fails eventually to meet the needs of the system (Borkowski, 2015). It creates gaps and leads to miscommunication among the employees. It has been earlier reported by (Lavine, 2014) that poor communication among nurses and physicians are common and has resulted in various medical errors such as over dosage of medicines. These workers, therefore, will not be determined by their objective, but all they would have is wishful thinking. The efficiency of these workers will decrease without proper leadership to guide them (Schyns Schilling, 2013). Poor leadership results in knowledge gaps and a gap in strategic planning (Koh, 2013). Due to a gap in knowledge leader is unprepared for adverse consequences or arise from the uncertain situation. They fail to link the plans or strategies with the goals of the organization. Therefore, taking risks in such circumstances brings drastic results decreasing the productivity (Weaver et al., 2014). Risk taking is a calculated process which involves a disciplined plan of action. Weak leaders succumb to pressure and end up taking random decision haphazardly. They never plan for the adverse situation before hand and quickly lose sight of their vision (Yukl, 2012). Poor leadership does not include all the professionals in decision-making underestimating their potentials, ideas and intelligence. Lack of collaboration is the "root of the culture of mediocrity" (Harrison et al., 2015). Consequently; the nurses feel that they are not valued and that their dignity and respect is not maintained. Therefore, it decreases motivation and efficiency of performance (MacPhee et al., 2013). Employee dissatisfaction and burnout is a significant factor that leads to the downfall of an organization (Weaver et al., 2014). People with low self-esteem and confidence show reduced enthusiasm. This, in turn, results in delivery of poor quality of services. According to Harrison et al., (2015) poor leadership skills is the leading cause of poor quality of services offered by the staff. Evaluation of leadership skills by leadership assessment tools Leadership is an attribute that is essential in not only health sector but in every sphere of life. Self-assessment tools are developed to determine and judge essential characteristics of leadership. Such devices are designed in the area of healthcare sector as well. These tools analyze the style of direction and are mainly performed in academics and by practitioners. The analysis is important to enhance the skills and quality of leaders. It helps one to identify their areas of weakness, strength, and threats, assess traits, positivity, emotional intelligence, confidence level, and compare oneself with the health care model dimensions (Fernandez, 2015). These tools can be used to evaluate the performance of other members of the team as well. These assessment tools come in the form of survey questionnaires where one can rate themselves on the scale of 10 or 5. Sometimes the options like "agree, disagree, moderately agree" are used in the assessment. The result is based on the score and ultimately gives a clear picture of where one stands regarding the role played by them through data interpretation (Johnson, 2013). This evaluation occurs on several parameters like team building, power to encourage, cognitive capabilities, motivational skills, and others (Yukl, 2012). These are also known as applied analysis oriented with personality, developmental and psychoanalytic theories which also merge role models and early experiences. The questions are mainly close ended (Lavine, 2014). As a team leader I would analyze myself and my team members by evaluating their performance to identify issues and barriers to positive outcomes. It may inclu de determining if guidelines and code of practice were strictly followed by people. Sometimes the assessment may include problem solving exercises such as how would you convenience a patient with breast cancer at a malignant stage to undergo chemotherapy knowing she has developed fears related to the process and prefer only medication? How will you explain the importance of chemotherapy? What are your strategies to involve parents and patients in decision-making? How will explain them about the health insurances plan if any or other schemes that benefit them of a cost?" (Weaver et al., 2014) Another example such as how will you motivate nurses who are unsatisfied with long shift hours and a high patient is to nurse ratios? How will you help nurses committing medical errors? How will you mentor them in managing work-life balance expectation?" These kinds of self-assessment tool come as an online kit which itself projects data after completion of the assessment (Weaver et al., 2014). Conclusion In a health care system, caregivers and nurses play a pivotal role. Therefore, workplace related matters are crucial for them and their profession. If they undergo job dissatisfaction and burnout, it will lead to a downfall of an organization as the quality of the medical services is significantly hampered. Knowing the fact that the nursing care has the significant effect on the quality and safety of the patient care, nurses should be properly trained and engage them in leadership development and decision-making and mentor them in improving the quality of attention services in a health system. The report details the extensive skills and competencies of an effective team leader. The analysis of the leadership skills demonstrated the significant importance of the role played by a leader and its impact on an organization's growth and sustainability. The report detailed both positive and adverse consequences of good and poor leadership skills respectively. The literature search shows that the work efficiency of members and organizational culture depends highly on the behavior and attitude of its leader. Amongst the different leadership styles, I prefer the "transformational style." A health care organization must adopt a leadership style that best suits its health care setting. The report finally presents how the assessment tool helps one to develop and enhance their skills as a team leader. Reference Borkowski, N. (2015).Organizational behavior in health care. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Ciulla, J. B. (Ed.). (2014).Ethics, the heart of leadership. ABC-CLIO. Daft, R. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Fernandez, C. S., Noble, C. C., Jensen, E., Steffen, D. (2015). Moving the needle: A retrospective pre-and post-analysis of improving perceived abilities across 20 leadership skills.Maternal and child health journal,19(2), 343-352. Harrison, R., Walton, M., Manias, E., SmithMerry, J., Kelly, P., Iedema, R., Robinson, L. (2015). The missing evidence: a systematic review of patients' experiences of adverse events in health care.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,27(6), 424-442. Huber, D. (2013).Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Johnson, C. E. (2013).Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Koh, H. K., Brach, C., Harris, L. M., Parchman, M. L. (2013). A proposed health literate care modelwould constitute a systems approach to improving patients engagement in care.Health Affairs,32(2), 357-367. Lavine, M. (2014). Paradoxical leadership and the competing values framework.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 0021886314522510. MacPhee, M., Chang, L., Lee, D., Spiri, W. (2013). Global health care leadership development: Trends to consider.Journal of Healthcare Leadership,5, 21-29. Munir, F., Nielsen, K., Garde, A. H., Albertsen, K., Carneiro, I. G. (2012). Mediating the effects of worklife conflict between transformational leadership and health care workers job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing.Journal of Nursing Management,20(4), 512-521. Nancarrow, S. A., Booth, A., Ariss, S., Smith, T., Enderby, P., Roots, A. (2013). Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work.Hum Resour Health,11(1), 19. Piccolo, R. F., Buengeler, C. (2013).Behavioral approach to leadership. Oxford University Press. Rowitz, L. (2013).Public health leadership. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Schyns, B., Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 138-158. Shrader, S., Kern, D., Zoller, J., Blue, A. (2013). Interprofessional teamwork skills as predictors of clinical outcomes in a simulated healthcare setting.Journal of allied health,42(1), 1E-6E. Stoller, J. K. (2013). Commentary: recommendations and remaining questions for health care leadership training programs.Academic Medicine,88(1), 12-15. Swayne, L. E., Duncan, W. J., Ginter, P. M. (2012).Strategic management of health care organizations. John Wiley Sons. Valentine, M. A., Nembhard, I. M., Edmondson, A. C. (2015). Measuring teamwork in health care settings: A review of survey instruments.Medical Care,53(4), e16-e30. Weaver, S. J., Dy, S. M., Rosen, M. A. (2014). Team-training in healthcare: a narrative synthesis of the literature.BMJ quality safety, bmjqs-2013. Wheeler, D. S., Geis, G., Mack, E. H., LeMaster, T., Patterson, M. D. (2013). High-reliability emergency response teams in the hospital: improving quality and safety using in situ simulation training.BMJ quality safety,22(6), 507-514. Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), 66-85.

The Parisian Culture

Paris is one of global cities where different cultures, values, beliefs, and social behavioural patterns are mixed as a result of historical and political processes. Paris as the capital of France inherited the main products of the French colonial politics that influenced the cultural pattern in the city.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Parisian Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main outcome of these processes is the development of the unique cross-cultural encounters that include the elements of both European and Islamic cultures (Fredette, 2011, p, 46). In order to understand the key features of the Parisian culture that are connected with the traditional cross-cultural communication in this region, it is important to analyse its aspects in terms of hybridisation, stereotyping, and political influence. Thus, the paper aims to answer the following question: what aspects of cross-cultural encounters are typical for Paris as well as what origins are associated with those modern intercultural interactions observed in the city. In spite of the fact that the diversity of the Parisian culture is a result of prolonged processes, the main focus of this discussion is on the development of modern cross-cultural communication during the last two decades. From this point, it is important to state that the modern Parisian culture includes different interdependent cultural groups that interact and influence each other significantly, while leading to creating the unique Parisian culture known as the blending of the European and Islamic cultures. The Development of the Parisian Culture during the Period of 1990s-2010s The Parisian culture of the 1990s was characterised by following the cross-cultural patterns typical for the previous decades. The main focus was on the increased flows of immigrants from the former colonial countries as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In spite of the fact that the large flows of Muslim migrants were the result of the labour and immigration policies developed in the 1960s-1970s, the active arabisation of the city became observed only in the late 1980s. The reason is that during the 1970s, the flows of immigrants and refugees also included people with the Vietnamese, African, and Caribbean origins (Kidd Reynolds, 2014, p. 81). Thus, the society paid attention to the arabisation of Paris only when the first mosques and centres of the Islamic culture became actively built in Paris (Ogan, Willnat, Pennington, Bashir, 2014, p. 31). Therefore, it is important to conclude that during the period of 1990s-2000s, the interactions of the Algerians, Moroccans, people with the Vietnamese and Caribbean origins, and other Muslims developed according to the patterns typical for the era of post-colo nialism in France. The situation changed in 2000s-2010s, when the impact of the European nations on the French culture increased significantly, and the conflict in the cross-cultural interactions intensified because of being based on the cultural, religious, and political misconceptions. The 1999 census in France demonstrated that the number of immigrants from the European countries increased significantly, and the immigrants from Italy, Spain, and Portugal were represented as 45% in comparison with 39% of immigrants from the African countries (Meng Meurs, 2009, p. 129). However, although the racial and cultural pattern of Paris became more diverse, the visible presence of Islam in the city increased in contrast to the development of principles of the European integration in France.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Parisian Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concepts Important to Discuss Cross -Cultural Interactions in Paris To start the detailed analysis of the cross-cultural encounters typical for the Parisian culture, it is necessary to explain such concepts guiding the discussion as hybridisation, stereotyping, and political impact. Cultural Hybridisation Hybridisation is the cultural process typical for the post-colonial era, during which interacting cultures partially change and transform while acquiring the features of each other (Rozbicki Ndege, 2012). The result of such processes is the construction of the new mixed cultural pattern based on the historical memory and having the features of cultures typical for minorities, different ethnicities and identities (Gaviria Emontspool, 2015, p. 182). The domination of one culture is changed with the contamination of elements characteristic for several cultures, and this result of cross-cultural relationships leads to creating the unique hybrid culture, identity, and knowledge. Stereotyping Stereotypes are simplified m eanings and rather standard associations that are used by people in order to speak about the members of other racial, ethnic, or cultural groups. While focusing on cultural stereotypes, representatives of different cultures are inclined to ignore individual differences typical for persons as well as avoid the deep understanding of the unknown culture (Ogan et al., 2014, p. 28). In many cases, stereotypes as generalisations of behaviours typical for members of different cultural groups are not supported with cultural studies.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Politics of Cross-Cultural Encounters Cross-cultural and intercultural encounters at different territories are highly influenced by political processes and they lead to consequences in the form of political decisions. In order to regulate intercultural encounters and avoid conflicts typical for cross-cultural relations, the tools of politics are used to determine regulations for colonialism, migration, and even tourism (Rozbicki Ndege, 2012). In this context, politics regulates the relations of cultures within social networks while determining the areas of impact in intercultural encounters. Still, the results of political regulation of cross-cultural relations are often new conflicts and racial aggression. The Aspects of Cultural Hybridisation in Paris Paris can be discussed as the city that is open to the active cultural hybridisation in terms of traditions, values, customs, cuisine, language, and art. The population of Paris is often discussed as transethnic and demonstrating al l the features typical for hybridisation, especially while referring to the Maghrebi-French identity. For instance, the French language used by the Moroccans in Paris known as the Maghrebi French significantly differs from the pure French language used by the native Parisians because it is characterised by the pronunciation and melodic pattern typical for Arabic languages. There are also differences in the art. The immigrants from Maghreb often follow the culture of the Berbers, and they bring it to the Parisian environment. When the pure Parisian art is westernised and represented in paintings, architecture, and literature, the art of the Berbers follows the Arabic patterns, and it is represented in leather goods, jewellery, and unique woven carpets (Kidd Reynolds, 2014, p. 24). However, those Maghrebis who live in Paris during a long period of time are inclined to mix their cultural heritage with the Parisian culture while contributing to hybridisation. The other examples of the cultural hybridisation in Paris are musical traditions combining the elements of the Arab and French music, the mixed cuisine, linguistic changes, and patterns in architecture and art (Kidd Reynolds, 2014, p. 59). Thus, the culture of poor suburbs in Paris inhabited by the Algerians and Moroccans gave the origin to the unique mixed art developed in Paris that assimilated the elements of the Islamic culture into the French culture. While focusing on the social causes of the cultural hybridisation, it is important to emphasise intermarriages. People born in Paris during the period of 1970s-1980s were often brought up by mixed couples, and the era of the 1990s resulted in the social appearance of the active youth who were tolerant and open to cross-cultural interactions (Meng Meurs, 2009, p. 128). The revolts of students against the racial discrimination in the city and the whole country became the particular feature of the 1990s. As a result, today the majority of the Parisian resid ents note that they have the hybrid identity because of their family backgrounds, and this aspect makes their social interactions easier. In spite of the fact that the blended cultures resulted in developing the tolerant attitudes in the Parisians to different races and ethnicities, there are still conflicts among the citizens of Paris that are based on the religious background because of the problems of non-conformity and ‘otherness’. The process of arabisation promoted by the Muslims in Paris in the 1990s was in contrary to the focus of many French people, including authorities, on the Muslims’ integration in the Parisian culture. The result of these processes is the hybrid Parisian culture that developed in opposition to the political movements in the country as a social process, involving people who developed their intercultural connections (Kidd Reynolds, 2014). Thus, many Parisians identify themselves as French Muslims who were born in mixed families or ad opted Islam because of changes in their views. In 2000s-2010s, the Islamic communities of Paris focused on accentuating the details of the Islamic culture as unique in the context of Paris through building mosques, cultural centres, and new bazaars. However, the real effect of such processes is the further interaction of cultures associated with the Parisians’ interest in different traditions. Therefore, it is also impossible to speak about the processes of integration because the French people also inherit the Islamic culture in form of music, language, and art (Kidd Reynolds, 2014, p. 29). One of the reasons of such processes is the fact that the culture of Paris was never truly homogenous. Stereotyping in the Parisian Culture In the Parisian culture, the problem of stereotyping is a consequence of migration rates increased in the 1980s-1990s, and it results in the prejudiced attitude toward the representatives of the Islamic religious groups and other migrants from the No rth African region. During the period of 1990s, many French perceived migrants in Paris as poorly educated and illiterate, and this fact influenced the segmentation of labour in the city and the problem of disadvantaging the immigrant minorities (Fredette, 2011, p. 46). In opposition to this stereotype, the Muslims developed their own stereotypes regarding the French according to which the French are seen as highly individualistic and intolerant. The development of such stereotypes was supported by the fact that before the 2000s, the French regarded the Muslims as problematic citizens who avoided integration in the French culture (Fredette, 2011; Kidd Reynolds, 2014). The era of 2000s led to the development of new stereotypes regarding the Muslims among the dominant French population in Paris. The events of 2001 in the United States affected the public opinion in Paris as a global city significantly, and the level of anti-Muslim attitudes and even hatred against the Islamic culture increased in comparison with the data for the 1990s (Ogan et al., 2014, p. 30). Still, the Parisians are inclined to develop the strong movements against stereotyping and racism in the society, and they actively support the idea of equality in the social environments of Paris in order to fight social injustice in relation to cross-cultural interactions (Kidd Reynolds, 2014). The reason is that the blending of French and Islamic cultures influences each aspect of the social life in the city and reduces the focus of the citizens on stereotypes. The Role of Politics to Influence Cross-Cultural Encounters The religious and racial conflicts within the Parisian culture are the results of prolonged interrelationships developed between the Muslims and Europeans, and they are also the result of colonialism and specific politics selected by the French government in order to regulate the problematic issues. During the era of the 1990s, the Parisian culture was significantly politically charg ed in terms of revising the laws regarding the immigration in France. In the 1990s, the politics regulated the key aspects of immigration from the countries of Maghreb (Kidd Reynolds, 2014). The situation changed in the 2000s-2010s because of the increases in levels of migration and tourism between the European countries that resulted in changing the cultural patterns observed in Paris. The improvements in the principles of cooperation between the European countries led to intensifying connections in the sphere of education, business, and art. As a result, the authorities in France focused on separating the church and the state while banning the wearing of the hijab by the Muslim women in public places in 2004 (Wagner, Sen, Permanadeli, Howarth, 2012, p. 522). The main focus was on accentuating the homogeneous French culture dependent on the integration of Muslims. Nevertheless, the actual result of the law was the increased opposition of the Islamic groups in Paris because the po litical authorities failed to see the culture of France as hybrid, multi-faceted, and dynamic. In order to address the religious activism and the increased number of Islamic movements affecting the cross-cultural relations in Paris and France in the 2010s, the authorities focused on promoting the exchange of knowledge between nations in order to change the attitudes of the Parisians to minorities in the culturally diverse city (Meng Meurs, 2009, p. 129). The reason is in the necessity to improve the cross-cultural communication and to affect the peaceful co-existence of communities in the context of increased racial, ethnic, and cultural conflicts developed in the world communities. Conclusion The Parisian culture can be discussed as a result of the prolonged cross-cultural interactions of the people of Arabic and European origins caused by the eras of colonialism and further post-colonial cooperation. This mixed culture has the features of opposite traditions and value systems bas ed on the differences in religions. The modern urban environments of Paris can be considered as the visual representations of the cultural blending that affects the city’s life. In spite of a range of anti-Muslim stereotypes in the world and France, the Parisians work to develop their cross-cultural relations in the most peaceful manner, and the youth activism plays the key role in overcoming the racial and religious prejudice. However, not all decisions made by the French authorities can be discussed as effective to address intercultural problems. The laws of 2004 banning the wearing of hijab by the Muslim women were significantly opposed by the Islamic community because they violated the values of the French Muslims that discuss themselves as equal members of the Parisian society. The actions of the authorities could be analysed in case of developing globalisation tendencies, but the uniqueness of the Parisian culture is in the fact that a representative of any culture can feel comfortable in Paris as the global city. Therefore, modern regulations are more appropriate to address the cross-cultural interactions in the region. References Fredette, J. (2011). Social movements and the state’s construction of identity: The case of Muslims in France. Studies in Law, Politics, and Society, 54(1), 45-75. Gaviria, P., Emontspool, J. (2015). Global cities and cultural experimentation: Cosmopolitan-local connections. International Marketing Review, 32(2), 181-199. Kidd, W., Reynolds, S. (2014). Contemporary French cultural studies. New York, NY: Routledge. Meng, X., Meurs, D. (2009). Intermarriage, language, and economic assimilation process: A case study of France. International Journal of Manpower, 30(1/2), 127-144. Ogan, C., Willnat, L., Pennington, R., Bashir, M. (2014). The rise of anti-Muslim prejudice: Media and Islamophobia in Europe and the United States. International Communication Gazette, 76(1), 27-46. Rozbicki, M., Ndege, G. (2012). Cros s-cultural history and the domestication of otherness. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Wagner, W., Sen, R., Permanadeli, R., Howarth, S. (2012). The veil and Muslim women’s identity: Cultural pressures and resistance to stereotyping. Culture Psychology, 18(4), 521-541. This research paper on The Parisian Culture was written and submitted by user Aubrey Goff to help you with your own studies. 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